He explains the experience in a video, so rather than paraphrasing, I recommend watching his story for yourself here.Allen ended up getting out of the Navy in 2017 and was soon facing the same sort of existential panic so many service members experience when starting their lives anew. He also was head coach for four seasons in Oakland . John B. Allen. Within 72 hours, we launched a social media campaign that talked about his plight and why he wanted to work for Blizzard. McCoy, Shane T. (August 2004). In doing so, it surpassed established hits like Crime Junkie and Murder, Mystery & Makeup. How former Navy SEAL John Allen became true crime star MrBallen I wondered why everyone in the world hasnt moved to San Diego. He served as a surface warfare officer for two years onboard the U.S.S. BUD/S Class 237. Contents 1 Channels 1.1 Main channel 1.2 MrBallen Shorts The TO, THROUGH, and AFTER series is just that - the story of who John Allen was before he joined the military (Navy), how he endured SEAL Training, his life in the Teams, and what he is doing now. He was fresh out of the Teams and wasn't really sure what his next step was going to be. BUD/S Class 184. The state of the pipeline is a disaster right now and you need to truly be willing to risk everything to become a seal. You get four attempts at it and I failed all four. Served in UDT 21, SEAL Team 2, SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 2 & United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group. Jesse Ventura - BUD/S class 58, served on UDT 12 and Reserve SEAL Team 1. BUD/S Class 101. Once assigned, the Troops will be given an Area of Operations (AOR) where they will either work as a centralized/intact Troop or task organize into decentralized elements (PLT-20/SQD-10/TM-5) to conduct operations. BUD/S Class 234 - Full Documentary - YouTube A good SEAL is a leader who understands that leadership is not given, but honed through experience; that true leadership is revealed when you roll up your sleeves and do what has to be done. His assignments included SEAL team THREE, Naval Special Warfare Unit EIGHT, SEAL Team TWO and then Naval Special Warfare Development Group. [14][15], BUD/S is a 24-week training course that develops the SEAL candidates' mental and physical stamina and leadership skills. In 2014, he was deployed to Afghanistan, where he was nearly killed by a grenade that detonated near him. I was much more confident this time, but of course, I failed my first two attempts in my second go at pool comp. I was pretty uncomfortable underwater but figured I would figure it out. I worry about Johnny getting injured or killed. We go way back to class 217 when we were both in class 217. Burma Bridge 14. A running theme of MrBallen's videos is he speaks of these cases in a story format and has a special hatred for the Like button. Each week, the class is expected to do more running, swimming and calisthenics than the week before, and each man's . SQT is designed to provide students with the core tactical knowledge they will need to join a SEAL Platoon. Currently hosts Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura. Current commander of U.S. Special Operations Command. BUD/S Class 93. Emphasis is placed on long-distance underwater dives with the goal of training students to become basic combat divers, using swimming and diving techniques as a means of transportation from their launch point to their combat objective. He then left his phone at home and went to a water park with his family. On the island, the class practices the skills they learned in the third phase. That one was great because there was an original grassroots campaign to try to get him a job. When he came back, the post had 5 million views. Or was it something you discovered later in life? Naval Special Warfare Basic Underwater Demolition BUDS Class 292 SEAL Medically, all potential applicants must have at least 20/70 vision, correctable to 20/25, be able to pass the SEAL Physical Screening Test and have no recent history of drug abuse. The goal: Improve the candidates physical readiness for the rigorous activity they will face at Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL ( BUD/S ). United States Navy SEAL selection and training, Naval Special Warfare Preparatory School (8 weeks), Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) Training (24 weeks), SEAL Qualification Training (SQT) (26 weeks), Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, United States Navy's Sea, Air, Land Teams, Naval Special Warfare Advanced Training Command, SEAL Team Six Recruitment, selection and training, Commandos Marine Recruitment and training, Special Boat Service Recruitment, selection and training, Kommando Spezialkrfte Marine Conditions for entry, "Navy steps up search for new SEALs Navy News , News from Afghanistan & Iraq", "Program letting Coasties train as SEALs on hold", "Coast Guardsmen are 1st to ever graduate BUD/S", "Navy Enlisted Rating (Job) Descriptions and Qualification Factors SEAL Challenge", "Assignment Of Coast Guard Personnel To Train And Serve With Naval Special Warfare", "Candidate to be first female Navy SEAL officer quits after a week", "For the first time, a woman has completed the demanding U.S. Navy SEAL officer test", "The First Woman Has Made it Through SEAL Officer Screening", "US Navy: First woman passes elite training scheme", "SEAL PHYSICAL SCREENING TESTING STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES", "Death in Navy SEAL Training Exposes a Culture of Brutality, Cheating and Drugs", "Mother of Navy SEAL Candidate Who Died After Hell Week Training Speaks Out: 'He Will Be Missed Every Day', "Seaman Dies After 'Hell Week' of SEAL Training, Navy Says", "Platoon Training , NavySEALs.com Experience the SEAL Edge", "Pulling No Punches in Push for Navy SEALs", Navy SEALs: Special Operations: Careers & Jobs: Navy.com, U.S. Cookie Notice It wasnt just that our sons looked unbearably handsome and young, it wasnt the music of the four person military brass band, or the immaculate dress whites. The tradition of DOR consists of dropping one's helmet liner next to a pole with a brass ship's bell attached to it and ringing the bell three times. Merrimack before reporting for Navy SEAL training at Basic Underwater Demolition School. EVERY. Second Phase, the combat diving phase, lasts seven weeks. At Ohio University, he led the team and staff through a leadership program comprised of leadership skills training, problem-solving scenarios, and, of course, a rigorous team-bonding Navy SEAL workout. One of my BUDs instructors was a Vietnam veteran who said I did five tours of duty and I never saw an obstacle course, and I never had to run more than 50 yards in the jungle. So it isnt just about being physically healthy and capable., The speaker recalled being on a mission that was aborted at the last minute, and having to stay on board a ship for weeks after that. In the meantime, there is work to be done. You will learn to seek your own strengths and weaknesses; your boundaries and your fears. Eric T. Olson veteran of The First Battle of Mogadishu, Silver Star recipient, commanding officer of United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group & commander, Naval Special Warfare Command. Depending on the team's and platoon's needs, operators can expect to acquire some of the following skills (Items in parentheses are Joint SOF Unit Course equivalent):[14][26][27], Phase two of a work-up is called Unit Level Training (ULT). First Phase Trainees have their arms and legs tied as a part of "drown proofing" training. Through the crucible of this training you will gain an inkling of self-awareness. For the past 20 years, we have developed a blueprint on crushing BUD/s. There's so many people trying to be seals right now it's crazy. If you float this is the easiest test ever, however, if you can not float it will change your life. The shrapnel hit his arms and legs, according to The Patriot Ledger. JA:Theres quite a bit of training that goes into being a SEAL before you even get to be a SEAL. Neil C. Roberts First Navy SEAL killed during Operation Enduring Freedom in 2002. [14], To complete the course, Candidates must pass through a series of jump progressions, from basic static line to accelerated free fall to combat equipment ultimately completing night descents with combat equipment from a minimum altitude of 9,500 feet. See http://www.stewsmithfitness.com for more information about military, law enforcement, special ops, fire fighting training programs. Tires 3. For two years, of seven initially planned,[3] members of the Coast Guard were allowed to obtain SEAL training, until the program was suspended in 2011. or. Allen's time on the SEAL teams began in 2010, and he was injured in combat in 2014. This part of training is designed to prepare candidates for Day One of First Phase. Allen joined the SEALs in 2010. Gruden was a difference maker right off the bat, coming to the team in 2003. 151 views, 3 likes, 0 loves, 0 comments, 0 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Operators Association: Former Navy SEAL, John Allen, gets real about the differences between Navy SEAL Bootcamp. And rather than recite the SEAL ethos, SEALs tell stories that give life to that ethos, that show character, experience, and wisdom. Edward Stephan Hebert. Meet former Navy SEAL John B. Allen of the MrBallen Podcast (https://www.audible.com/pd/MrBallen-Podcast-Strange-Dark-Mysterious-Stories-Podcast/B09RXPS2KL) . John Allen is a former 7 year Navy SEAL turned entrepreneur. Each candidate sleeps at most four hours during the entire week, runs more than 200 miles (320km), and does physical training for more than 20 hours per day. BUD/S Class 250. John William Zelenock, BUD/S Graduate, Fake SEAL In 2020, the former Navy SEAL posted a video on TikTok about the mysterious deaths of nine Russian hikers, known as the Dyatlov Pass incident, in. Answer (1 of 5): Class 78 is famous for having no one graduate. We had a networking event that was supposed to connect operators to employers. Original class size: 80. In 2020, the former Navy SEAL posted a video on TikTok about the mysterious deaths of nine Russian hikers, known as the Dyatlov Pass incident, in the late 1950s. The two-month training period begins with a Physical Screening Test. US Navy SEALs demonstrate VBSS techniques for the 2004 Joint Civilian Orientation Conference. Larsen Jensen a former American freestyle swimmer and two-time Olympic medalist. On their way to the podium, Class 291 walked by the brass bell that men who drop on request (DOR) have to ring to signify they have quit SEAL training. There is no splendid ceremony or fuss, said the retiring Navy Seal who addressed Class 291. In this grueling five-and-a-half day stretch, each candidate sleeps only about four total hours but runs more than 200 miles and does physical training for more than 20 hours per day. I remember having the thought, This is the end of my life, Allen told The Post. [14][25], Graduation from SQT culminates in the awarding of the coveted Navy SEAL Trident and granting of the Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) 5326 Combatant Swimmer (SEAL) or 1130 Special Warfare (SEAL) Officer. The first three weeks of basic conditioning phase prepares candidates for the fourth week, known as "Hell Week". At the end of the deployment, we were involved in an ambush and a grenade set off next to me and my team. Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL training, or BUD/S, is designed to find and develop men of the strongest character who give everything they have to accomplish their mission and support the men on their team. Danny Dietz Navy Cross recipient, one of the three members killed during Operation Red Wings. Part of me wishes he could stop right nowgo home, raise a family, get a safe job, take up stamp collecting. The Scourge of Navy SEAL Imposters: Part One | SOFREP I swam in an outdoor, ten lane pool at Mission Valley YMCA. The days become longer and more work-intensive, set to mirror the work hours spent in the field. "Testing Newton's Law", This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 15:59. Hat on backward and sporting his regular. Class 29 EC. Thats literally all I know. He was killed during an ambush in Fallujah, Iraq in March 2004. BUD/S CLASS 234 Travis Lively and Jake Zweig talk Construction jobs and enlisting with a Degree SEAL Jake Zweig 18.7K subscribers Subscribe 102K views 1 year ago Navy SEAL Masterclass:. There was a guy that wanted to work for Blizzard Entertainment, the company that makes World of Warcraft. The difference between an FNG or f#*!ing new-guy like Johnny and a veteran Navy SEAL is the difference, in Mark Twains words, between a lightning bug and a lightening strike. To those already on the teams, a trident means little until youve seen at least one deployment. My lifelong dream was to play for the Boston Red Sox. First commanding officer of SEAL Team SIX and Red Cell; and co-author of New York Times bestseller. He continued serving in the military until 2017, then went on to work in fundraising for veterans. The whole "building grit" exercises Jake recommends rub me the wrong way, really. Log in or sign up for Facebook to connect with friends, family and people you know. Second Phase A BUD/S instructor attacks a trainee in the pool to simulate a combative drowning victim. There are so many people who dont know what they want to do when they get out if they dont already have a degree. John B. Allen. Following CERTEX, a SEAL Team becomes a SEAL Squadron and is certified for deployment.[14]. Each week, the class is expected to do more running, swimming and calisthenics than the week before, and each mans performance is measured by a four-mile timed run, a timed obstacle course, and a two-mile timed swim. Navy SEAL instructors introduce candidates to BUD/S physical training, the obstacle course, swimming and other unique training aspects. I was in college and realized I needed to figure out what I was going to do. Home Naval Special Warfare Basic Underwater Demolition BUDS Class 292 SEAL Trainee Navy Challenge Coin Naval Special Warfare Basic Underwater Demolition BUDS Class 292 SEAL Trainee Navy Challenge Coin $65.00 Add to Cart This coin is approximately 2 3/4 inches wide by 1 3/4 inches high. editor@thesbjournal.com, 2016 Copyright Small Business Journal. We watched a BUDs class heave 300 pound inflatable boats up over their heads and start a five-mile run down the soft sand, instructors with 80 pound weight vests running alongside the recruits. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. I envy you; I worry for you. Candidates are also divided into "boat crews" consisting of six to seven people with one small inflatable boat known as an IBS, and must paddle out from the shore, through the surf zone, and back again. It was a unique job that deserved respect. They graduate BUD/S as Special Warfare Operators but have a long way to go before pinning on a Trident and becoming a SEAL. This is what separates SEALs from all other US Special Operations Forces. Allen would regularly post to social media about his military service, but when he made the TikTok video about the incident at Dyatlov Pass, he experienced an entirely new level of popularity. I had a chance to walk through Balboa Park with my older daughter, and I made dinners using fresh local tomatoes and basil and arugula. Check out Mr Ballen's Tik Tok! You are not here to lead the hunt for the Osama bin Ladens of the world, the speaker told our sons. When men of our ilk are no longer needed, there will be no more war. John Allen and Elite Meet: SEAL veterans helping SEAL veterans with Third Phase A student plots coordinates on his map during an individual land navigation exercise in Mount Laguna. I think the longer Johnny can train rather than fight the better. Here's a full list of all of the obstacles on the Navy SEAL O-course in order from start to finish: 1. Also, basic dive medicine and medical skills training is provided.[14][23]. John Deltoro. But that old warrant officer knew something back then that I didnt: the definition of discipline. BUD/S CLASS 234 Travis Lively and Jake Zweig talk - YouTube Shrapnel was sent into my back. BUD/S consists of a three-week orientation followed by three phases, covering physical conditioning (seven weeks), combat diving (seven weeks), and land warfare (seven weeks) respectively. [14][23], The land warfare phase teaches the class basic weapons, demolitions, land navigation, patrolling, rappelling, marksmanship, infantry tactics, and small-unit tactics. Meet former Navy SEAL John B. Allen of the MrBallen Podcast (https://www.audible.com/pd/MrBallen-Podcast-Strange-Dark-Mysterious-Stories-Podcast/B09RXPS2KL) and a fascinating Instagram account @johnballen416 and Tik Tok (MrBallen) and hear his unique story of failure, never quitting, learning, and success. It was supposed to be a one-time deal and it turned into 20-plus events. Graduation marks the end of 25 weeks of intense training. JA:No, it was not a lifelong dream. He thinks he understands the danger. Two SEALs in diving gear scout a beach during an exercise. [21][22], The diving phase of BUD/S training develops and qualifies SEAL candidates as competent basic combat swimmers. Erik Prince Founder, former CEO, and current Chairman of the Board of Xe, formerly known as Blackwater, a private military contractor. First Phase, the basic conditioning phase, is seven weeks long and develops the class in physical training, water competency and mental tenacity while continuing to build teamwork. KC: What was your transition like out of service? What started out as a cry for help ended up turning into a friendship. A good SEAL seeks and accepts responsibility for his own actions or lack thereof. Website by BrandRight, Building Square Baby into a Brand Consumers Have Come to Trust, From ABC & CBS To an International Media Giant. My plan was to be a career SEAL, but my injury wouldnt let me do that. But that old warrant officer knew something back then that I didnt: the definition of discipline. John Allen, born 24 years ago at Quincy City Hospital just outside of Boston, so-so student, outstanding baseball player, habitually truant high schooler, the boy who never made it to the YMCA on time for his five AM shift, is now a Navy SEAL. BUD/S Class 82. He was reaching out to former military guys and seeing what they were doing on their way out. On the island, the class practices the skills they learned in Third Phase. Michael D. Lumpkin BUD/S Class 162, retired Navy SEAL Commander. Donald L. McFaul Killed in action during Operation Just Cause and posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for heroism. !Check out other videos / audio (apple podcasts / googleplay) of more than 200podcasts (https://www.stewsmithfitness.com/blogs/news/new-podcast-the-tactical-fitness-report-with-stew-smith ) as well as more videos on combat swimmer stroke, workouts, and other spec ops related training. A good SEAL embraces the concept not of one leader and many followers, but of leaders leading leaders, and of being part of a team of creative thinkers bound by their tridents. Successful Second Phase candidates demonstrate a high level of comfort in the water and the ability to perform in stressful and often uncomfortable environments. First Phase, the basic conditioning phase, is seven weeks long and develops the class in physical training, water competency and mental tenacity while continuing to build teamwork. Former member of SEAL team 3. Article by Jessie Thuma, freelance writer & Navy SEAL mom. It starts with the initial Physical Screening Test and ends with a more demanding Modified Physical Screening Test, one that includes a minimum of 70 push-ups in 2 minutes, a timed four-mile run in 31 minutes, and a timed 1,000-meter swim with fins in 20 minutes. Third Phase A trainee carries out an over the beach exercise on San Clemente Island. . Alright so Im sure a lot of you have heard of Jake Zweig and Id like to hear some other thoughts on what he told me. BUD/S Class 228. Is it the man who swims hundreds of miles and runs thousands of miles? He feels he is making a positive difference; that the military has been good for him. Chief Warrant Officer 2nd Class (SEAL) Somalia. Now, we ask our operators whom they want to work with. 'America's Got Talent's' Jane 'Nightbirde' Marczewski dead Canadian teacher with size-Z prosthetic breasts placed on paid leave, Buster Murdaugh got 'very drunk' with dad 2 months after mom, brother murdered: source, I'm a professional cleaner ditch these 4 household products immediately, What's next for Buster Murdaugh after dad's murder conviction, life sentence, Shoeless Ariana Madix awkwardly tries to avoid cheating Tom Sandoval, Prince Harry was scared to lose Meghan Markle after fight that led to therapy, Prince Harry says psychedelics are fundamental part of his life, Tom Sandoval, Raquel Leviss planned to tell Ariana Madix about affair. First Phase Then-Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Adm. Mike Mullen addresses the remaining trainees of Class 266 at the end of "Hell Week.". United States Navy SEAL selection and training - Wikipedia Joseph D. Kernan Former commanding officer, SEAL Team 2, United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group and Naval Special Warfare Command. The average member of the United States Navy's Sea, Air, Land Teams (SEALs) spends over a year in a series of formal training environments before being awarded the Special Warfare Operator Naval Rating and the Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) O26A Combatant Swimmer (SEAL) or, in the case of commissioned naval officers, the designation 113X Special Warfare Officer. JA:I was not a good BUD/S student. I was lucky enough to get to try in the next class and spent tons of time training for my next attempts. 20 Most Famous Navy SEALS Of All Time - Operation Military Kids At that point, I had to try to be a SEAL. The Prep School ends with a modified Physical Screening Test ( PST ). Theodore Roosevelt IV Vietnam-era UDT and great-grandson of President Theodore Roosevelt, BUD/s class 36. Scott Helvenston Youngest SEAL in history to complete BUD/S; worked as private military contractor in Operation Iraqi Freedom. I calculate the cost of war. Eric Greitens Chairman and CEO of The Mission Continues, Rhodes Scholar, Public Speaker, and Senior Fellow at the University of Missouri's Truman School of Public Affairs. Third Phase Conducting a patrol exercise at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado. Slide For Life 16. 9.5%. He went to bootcamp in December 2010 and trained to become a Navy SEAL. Graduate of the US Naval Academy (Class of 1977). Occasionally, personnel from foreign armed forces allied with the United States have been invited to train at BUD/S. First Phase A Navy SEAL Instructor in Class 245 provides a lesson to his trainees on listening to instruction. But even then, on that most perfect of days, I looked around at the families under that tent, and at the young men in front of us, and I thought, some of us will lose our sons. I always feel bad about not teaching him land nav in the middle of the night. Jose Carlos Montanez - Navy Chief, U.S. Navy SEAL, BUD/S Class 176, Panama 1990, Blog of Shame; Thomas William Cole - US Army SGT, Two Purple Hearts, Operation Urgent Fury, Blog of Shame; Military Phonies. September 14th 2012, BUDs Grinder, Coronado CA. New SEALs are immediately assigned to a SEAL Team at Coronado, CA or Little Creek, VA and begin advanced training for their first deployment.[14][25]. Navy SEALs are trained and have been deployed in a wide variety of missions, including direct action special reconnaissance, unconventional warfare, foreign internal defense, hostage rescue, counter-terrorism, and other missions. Marcus Luttrell Navy Cross recipient for heroism, sole survivor of Operation Red Wings. Ive always been an impulsive person but usually stick with my impulsive decisions. Congratulations to Class 292! You know the right action, and you take the right action: ONLY. Thanks for contacting us. I had allowed him to form an opinion of me: If I made the wrong decision when the choices are easy, what would I do when the choices are hard? MrBallen: The former Navy SEAL who tells scary stories on YouTube Sign Up. One SEAL has done a sit-down for our third training group to answer questions about the job. [9], The first female officer to ever pass assessment and screening for the SWCC pipeline, did so in September 2021, though afterwards she was not offered a contract. Privacy Policy. Maybe Johnnys graduation speaker realized that many people in the audience have asked the same question. We had a typical list of employers we work with, but he was hoping we could find a way to get him in with Blizzard. I spent three hours with my younger daughter at Torrey Pines State Park, walking switchback trails on cliffs overlooking the ocean. The test is a 1000-meter swim, push-ups, pull-ups, sit-ups and a four-mile run. NSW Troops have ranged in size from 60 personnel to over 200 and can consist of SEAL's and any USSOCOM operational element and enablers. I don't want to be a seal, I want to have the job an operator has. William H. McRaven Former commanding officer of SEAL Team 3 and commander of the Joint Special Operations Command. Later we went to a store in Coronado that sells SEAL themed shirts and mugs and stickers and forked over a ridiculous amount of money for souvenirs. All sailors entering the SEAL training pipeline chosen by Naval Special Warfare Command must also attend the six-month SEAL specific Special Operations Tactical Medic course in Stennis, MS and subsequently earn the NEC SO-5393 Naval Special Warfare Medic before joining an operational Team. Luckily, I was able to pass on my seventh attempt. Use the PST Calculator to enter your most recent ( PST ) scores. Matthew Axelson Navy Cross recipient, famously kept firing his pistol after being hit by an RPG during Operation Red Wings, in which he lost his life. Senator from Nebraska (19892001); and president of The New School since 2001. To volunteer, a SEAL candidate must be a US citizen between 18 and 29 years old in the U.S. Navy. I think back now to that graduation, to all we didnt know, and all we dont know looking ahead. Copyright 2023 Navy SEALs. In closing, Johnnys graduation speaker reminded us, that a few professional men can turn the tide of war. People want to talk about mental toughness and mindset is important, but I think the thing that the Navy SEAL forces you to learn is the power of committing to something. I literally thought there was a glitch with my phone, Allen told The Post. I liked the idea of the military but wasnt super serious about it. Class 13 EC. I was panicking and was lucky enough to connect with a guy named Jordan. Low Wall 4. Zweig is poised to make an immediate impact as a leader on a university campus by enabling coaches, student-athletes, and staff to achieve the impossible. It wasnt even the graduation speech which was one of the bestand briefestreflections on character Ive ever heard. Graduation Date: June 1, 2001. Lizzo, John Mayer,Muse, Lil Wayne, Janet Jackson and 175 more concerts Text us at 770-343-7600 for help, 125MG CLEAN ENERGY + 25MG CBD + HYDRATION, 150MG CLEAN ENERGY + ELECTROLYTE HYDRATION. You can see his class photo below: Image: Navy.mil You are here to make sure this community continues. Thomas R. Norris Vietnam veteran, Medal of Honor recipient and retired FBI agent. He was a competitor in the TV reality shows Survivor and Survivor: All-Stars, and host of the reality series Combat Missions. Officer and enlisted personnel go through the same training program. Dick Couch Author of several books on the Navy SEALs including, Roger Crossland BUD/S Class 58, SEAL Team 1, UDT 12; entitled to wear the Presidential Unit Commendation ribbon for service in Vietnam; started and commanded Naval Reserve SEAL Team 2; recruited to the SEAL's by Richard Marcinko; a Naval War College graduate who has written internationally on the subject of maritime unconventional warfare including the U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings and the New York Times; author of.